Decade of Corporate Greed Essay Example for Free

Decade of Corporate Greed EssayAscended in the 1980s he reinvented republican policies that favored deregulation and the increase of business in America. These Ideas markedly opposed the views of the governmental interventionist policies of the 1960s and 70s with these ideas Reagan hoped to decrease government Involvement and heavy taxes.With these tax cuts Reagans thinking was that umteen new businesses would beget and that it would have a trickledown effect by not only empowering businesses to grow and hire much people which in the end would benefit all from those on top in the corporate world all the way down to the lowest person in the company in which everyone benefits. This was welcome news not only to the Republicans but withal the lunch bucket democrats who were working class democrats who predecessor Jimmy Carter of whom they thought they were ignored by.As a result of this many government services were slashed and created ideas of the government being the problem. With this many republicans encouraged individuals to do good for themselves for the government would not do this for them. With this encouragement of business growth and economic prosperity for as many people as possible individualism became a way of life in the 1980s.The acquisition of wealth and indicators of it rattling helped to drive this decade in the 1980s where it seemed most important to acquire as much material goods as possible. These ideas were also shown in the pop kitchen-gardening world as the artist Madonna made a hit rime in the 80s called material girl a song of the times basically ab unwrap voracity and gaining as material things as you possibly could with no shame of this greed.Also Gordon Gekko the fictional business tycoon in the film Wall Street stands up at board meeting to stress and states Greed is goodGreed will not only darn this malfunctioning corporation called Teldar paper, but also the other malfunctioning corporation called the U. S. of A. The re were plane excesses being taken in sports, as Pete Rose of the Cincinnati Reds had greed of singles, doubles and stolen bases, also greed in gambling cost him his spot in Major League Baseball.It was also in this decade baseball experience free agency destroying loyalties and players selling themselves to the highest bidder as player contracts doubled from just the decade in advance. Once these Republican policies had trickled down to popular culture it almost seemed to formalize this style of authorities, it seemed as if the Republicans ascendance to power had spawned this culture and decade of greed that was so actively embraced by the American public.With this these politicians simply stated that they were just playing in accordance to what the publics wishes were. With this success that Reagan had in the 80s America had once again began to reassert itself on the world point after a challenging decade of struggling in the 1970s. Reagan is thought to be responsible also for the victory in the cold war that had lasted for decades before his term. The new thinking in the 80s was not that this was greed but more of what the Republicans called prosperity and success.Some of the negatives of these changes were Reagan deregulated everything which in effect destroyed contestation and this created oligopolies. Some examples of these are in the airline industry he deregulated the industry causing every airline in the country, except 2 to become bankrupt, as the deregulation in the broadcast industry resulted in just a few major players like Disney and Clear Channel dominating the playing field.As for under the Reagan administration money in politics became more strong then ever and that still holds true today in the world of politics for it seems like we no longer have elections, we more like have auctions for where it seems the chance who has the most money to spend on getting their name out is usually the one who wins in these political battles, especia lly for the Presidency.What this does now and back then in the 80s where it started is a corporation who might exigency certain laws or tax breaks passed to better help their needs funds that candidate to get elected and then in turn expects them favors to be re dour when that candidate is elected. This new concentration of wealth created a whole new class of millionaires, however on the downside for every millionaire there were several hundred homeless people. With this came more negativity that came with the corporate greed of the 80s.For these people who became homeless and poor due to these millionaires greed were blamed for draw down the economy by Republican politicians and their mouthpieces in the media, while the truth we found out later is that indeed it was these rich people who were ripping us off and actually were responsible for dragging down the economy. Going as far to blaming the poor the city of Los Angeles installed a fingerprint system to guard against welfare f raud that cost the city and energetic tax payers 30 million dollars, and for all of this it caught one cheater.While at the same time White collar crime was rising and costing us more than street crime cost, also doing more damage and arguably causing more deaths. Reagan also had a deregulation of the savings and loans industry which was a total debacle and ended up costing Americans 500 billion dollars which is part of the still current banking problem that is going on today. Unfortunately Reagan also began the practice of sending American manufacturing jobs overseas, another move that made the rich even more rich and greedy and made the poor have even less than they did before.Despite all these negatives it can be argued that Ronald Reagan was the most important and influential President of the last 60 years, loved by the Republicans and loathed by the liberals. Reagan turned half a century of political and economic orthodoxy and turned it on its head. It can be argued that he tu rned those who were Roosevelt democrats. So whether you loved or despised Reagan there is no doubt that administration and the greed of 80s is still alive today.My though would be if your rich, you like the corporate greed and excessiveness that took place in the 80s, however if you are poor you are wondering why this turned out like it did.

Zero Tolerance Policing and New York Quality Essay Example for Free

Zero Tolerance Policing and New York Quality EssayAnother understanding of nix tolerance policing posits that the law enforcement officers, will ignore minor offenders and cases of social disorder and concentrate on quality of life or the sub criminal activities much(prenominal) as public urinating, public drinking, begging, vagrancy and vandalism. Often behind this understanding is the theory of crime broken windows theory, published by George Kelling and James Wilson (1982).In such a theory a broken window is representative of disorderly behavior and minor cases of criminal acts among the community. Usually if such a window is not repaired the heart and soul is that there is lack of control in the community and another window is likely to be broken. Under such a theory there is cumber to be an increase in activity against minor offenders without any prior offenders (Marshall 1999). A classic example is the New York scenario where the zero tolerance policing possessed sali ent and easily distinguishable characteristics.Key among these characteristics is the unique crime control strategies that ensured that policing efforts were concentrated on drugs, guns, auto theft, traffic offenses, domestic violence, youth crime, and quality of life crimes. everywhere a period of two years, decentralized policing ensured that detectives and beat officers were assigned predetermined categories in the crime control strategies. Additionally, timely, accurate and reliable intelligence data determine cases where the potential of risk was more predominant.Emphasis on the quality of life crimes ensured that incidences of graffiti, public littering and cases of public drinking were reduced (Marshall 1999). Persons suspected of being involved in relatively minor crimes were also targeted through misdemeanor arrests. The result was an emulative success story where crime significantly reduced. However, despite these successes, there argon concerns that security agents are using aggression and ruthlessness when sleep togethering with comparatively low level criminal activity.Moreover, over emphasis and reliance on quantitative statistical data as a presentation of success can lead to manipulation of such data to suit the objectives of the policy makers. Even if such figures of crime reducing were genuine, zero tolerance policing emphasizes on short term law enforcement strategies such as arrests, conviction and imprisonment while neglecting long term strategies which involve cooperation with the communities, change education, health care and planning.Because it is basically a quick fix strategy it fails to address the clearly understood causes of crime (Marshall 1999). Problem Oriented Policing Problem point policing focuses on clear identification and analysis of problems with respect to the conditions that exist in the local circumstances. It is a novel policing strategy that aims at ensuring that the police effectively deal with criminal proble ms that have been brought to the fore by the public (Leigh et al 2004).

Why Switzerland and the United Kingdom Are Not Part of the European Union

Why Switzerland and the United Kingdom Are Not Part of the atomic number 63an UnionSince World War II, Switzerland and Great Britain have gone by means of umpteen governmental changes by reinforcing the foreign insurance in their constitutions to protect the borders. When comparing these two g everywherenmental actions on policy, one can see the compulsion of the citizens in the two nations. The political military forces these countries have ar greatly incorporated with the world. It can be determined that the active role the United Kingdom plays in foreign aff send outs is superior to Switzerland in terms of creating sparingal political power and respect. However, Switzerland has had a long history of neutrality and has tried its best to not expect itself in European politics. This land has taken a neutral stance in regards to military action by maintaining and utilizing the Swiss military air force mainly for their protection. This is why these two rich and powerful cou ntries are not part of the European Union.Recently, The European Union crisis has affected monetaryly many different countries around the world. Therefore, the EuropeanUnion has imposeed the Euro as a common bullion among seventeen countries. Although there are many countries in Europethat may be part of the Euro zone, they leave behind give re anyy poor exchange rates. Since 2008, the European Union hasaccumulated a lot of debt. It has beenstruggling to stipend their debt back to the Central Bank. This debt has damagedthe European notes and has pushed many nations into recession. This has lead to high unemployment rates andwidespread poverty. Countries likeSwitzerland do not want to be part of the European Union because the Swiss authoritiesfeels that they will have to use their financial stability to help theeconomics of other countries. Switzerland has been an independent country since 1291 it islocated between Germany, Italy, France and Austria. The capital of Switzerland is Bern and thelargest city is Zurich. Switzerland hasbeen considered to be one of the strongest countries in the middle of theEuropean Union. This is because a politicalinstitution that protects the nation hold it aligned with the vision ofits founders. The Federal Assembly is the primary seat of power. Although inpractice the executive branch has been increasing its power at the expense ofthe legislative branch, the Federal Assembly has two houses the Council of states and the NationalCouncil. In order for Switzerland to become part of the European Union,the Swiss political relation has to renounce their neutral power and financial stability.In 1992, the Swiss government applied for social status in the European EconomicArea (EEA). In a referendum on December6, 1991, at a historically high turnout of 78.7%, the Swiss populationnarrowly rejected membership in the organization even though the liberalsstrongly supported membership. Subsequentlyto this, the Swiss government and th e European Union permitted Switzerland toincorporate with the European Union without joining. Switzerlands foreign relations have avoidedcoalition that might involve military, political or monetary action. The Swissconstitution declares the preservation of Switzerlands independence andwelfare as the supreme objective of the Swiss foreign policy. The structure laid down precise foreignpolicy to diplomatic consistence of the country to encourage high opinion forhuman matures, equality and the policy regulation. This was ceremonious topromote the Swiss economic amuse around the world. All through history, the Swiss have been known for theirbanks. There are many reasons for this, including privacy and proficient interestrates. Europeans had accounts in theSwiss banks way before the war. Jewishpeople in Germany rate their money in the Swiss banks because they did not wantGermany to slue it. This made many problems that are still trying to be solvedtoday. The Swiss government feels thatthey have an ethical responsibility to undertake social, monetary and human-centered actions that contribute to world peace and harmony. Switzerlandfeels that they are able to participate without compromising theirneutrality. Switzerland is not part of the European nation which givesit its currency and economic power. Even though Switzerlands view of isolationkeeps it out of the European Union, it is not considered part of Europe. Its solution to helping its neighbors witheconomic and security issues, is to do so in the some passive way possible.That is why the United Nations meets in Switzerland because of its state ofneutrality and its constant involvement in peace with NATO. According to a 2001 referendum, this can bedone by the public in Switzerland. Seventy percent of Swiss voters rejected any politicalmovement towards European Union Membership.Even with these numbers, the Swiss government is heavily divided overentering the European Union. British andSwitzerland voters s ee little benefits in the struggling European Union. Theinvolvement of Great Britain in the Middle East along with other foreignaffairs has secured many of their economic ventures, e redundantly those inopening markets like British Petroleum fossil oil companies. The economy gains and bydoing this Switzerland influences the world. This world influence comes withmore long term gains than that of short term and can have both positive andnegative effects. Switzerland has very few enemies, receives less pressurefrom the world to get involved, and spends a large percentage of its budget ontheir military affairs. The downside is that then Switzerland has tolive by the rules of those who are more heavily involved in world affairs. British foreign relations which mostly wereinherited from England, originally pay to achieve stability of power from the insideof Europe. No other country has achievedcontrol over the affinitys of the continent. The British government relies heavily upon its fo reign affairs policies. The United Kingdoms policy of being involved in world affairs greatly benefits the nation when it comes to monetary stability, world power, respect, and national security. The United Kingdom has a good relationship with Europe since the Second World War. Since then, Great Britain has become a member of the European Economic. Even though Great Britain does not use the Euro and is not a member of the Euro zone, it still plays a leading role in the day to day working of the European Union.Great Britain had doubts when it came to being a part ofthe European Union and taking care of European Nations at the cost of theUnited Kingdom. Great Britain wasconstantly pushing policies that furthered themselves from the European Union,including that of not using the Euro as their currency but rather keeping theBritish Pound, which was significantly stronger. Joining the European Union was anuncharacteristic action by Great Britain.In 1951, when the European burn Steel Com munity was created GreatBritain did not participate in it. In1957 it declined to join the six founding nations of the European Economic Communityand in the sign of the treaty of Rome. Jean Monnet, one of the founders of the European EconomicCommunity, said I never understood why the British did not join. The conclusion that it must have been becauseit was the price of victory, the illusion that You could maintain what youhad, without change as the United Kingdom constantly pushed itself away fromEurope, it considered itself closer to the United States and maintained aspecial relationship with them. The laws of the land between the United Kingdom andSwitzerland are drastically different. The United Kingdoms common of formalitywith no real indite down and unified constitution to Switzerland specificallystates every right and liberty of the people and limitation of governmentpower. The United Kingdoms constitutionhas evolved over the centuries, having a foundation of common law, Act s ofParliament, treaties, historical documents, and case law. It is not set out inany one clear and concise document which check to Justice Secretary mostpeople might struggle to put their finger on where their rights are this isthe problem with this type of law and rights of the United Kingdom.However, the European Union has a concrete stone way toprotect the economy of the European Union as well. The economy is integral inthe European locality which aims to unify its members. The Economic and Monetary Union offers theexclusiveness of the undivided currency. This explains the gains, costs andqualifications of joining the European Union and the European Central UnionBank, its policies and implications with regards to the regional economicintegration into the iodine currency. The gain and cost are very important tocover because the European region is not the only region that is trying toimplement regional economic integration. The European integration policy relies within the mem bersof the European Union. The membersthemselves are the ones who make and decide policies. Members of the states arethe ones who will either make the European Economic Monetary Union to succeedor fail and are the key of the regional economic integrations progress. Theyare the ones who know what is right and what is wrong regarding the policies towhich the European Union stands. The European Union has a very particular way of selectingwho can qualify for the European Economic and monetary union. Criteria which was ground on that the countrysatisfy the public deficit, interest rate and pass the qualifications. Forcountries to qualify for adopting the Euro, they have to sustain an fanfarerate high enough to put up to the standards of others countries. Of coursequalifications are not bias to just those counties that have high inflations. The countries that qualified do not only havean increasing inflation rate but the need to sustain it. At least every two years the European CentralB ank Commission calls for a brush to see the progress made and if themembers states are fulfilling their obligations with regards to the standardsof the Economic Monetary Union. These are stages they have to go through beforethey qualify for adopting the single currency. These criteria are all part of the stability and growth ofthe European Union. A pact also coversthe government deficit, which is the amount by which government spendingexceeds government income within a given year.The stability and growth pact requires ensuring their yearly deficits tonot exceed 3% of their total annual production, thus keeping their economicbalance. By keeping economic balance, the European Union would not have aproblem when they implement the single currency. Countries who adopted the single currency and members ofthe European Union submit their budget plans to the European Commission whoassesses them annually. There is also the public debt which is the total amountof accumulated government defici t which exceeds government income thegovernment concerned has borrowed money or raised taxes to fill the gap. Thegovernment ensures that they do not exceed 60 percent of their GDP (GrossDomestic Products) these rules are canonical by all members of the EuropeanUnion to demonstrate that the economic decision making is a matter of commonconcern and shared responsibility of all members of the European Union. According to the author Henseler Stephan (2008) ReviewingEuropean monetary unification he stated that suppression of exchange rateswould eliminate any risk regarding currency exchange, thus reducing interestrates. This means that there will be nomore conversion of money between countries that are members of the EuropeanUnion. With the economic integration on route, the single currency could mostlikely be a very massive dream to come true. When crossing the borders ofEurope, residents from the countries who adopted the single currency would mostlikely not be harassed by changing th eir currency. In addition to this, economic and monetary unionwould project a push and pull scenario between all member states. If the currency would increase its value itwould be better for those who have less economic growth. The playing discipline of integration of financialmarkets would be even. With this the currency of the European Union would bemost the most independent with the US dollar. The independency on the USinterest rate would be likely to fall with a strong European currency andeconomic area. In conclusion, the political powers these countries haveare greatly interconnected with the world. It can be determined that the activerole the United Kingdom plays in foreign affairs is superior to Switzerland interms of creating economic political power and respect. Excluding the fact thatthere are still areas to be changed by the European Union, as also thestandards they set for the regional economic integration. The European thrift that was created toprotect the countries has been a success for them and it is still progressingup to this date. In the future we cansurely foresee that there will be more countries who will adopt the singlecurrency offered by the economic union. The European Economy has been a great achievement for the members of the European Union, there are still a lot of adjustments that need to be done regarding the policies of the Economy until then Switzerland and the United Kingdom will remain independent from the European Union. ReferencesHenseler,Stephan(2008)ReviewingEuropean monetary unification.Diplomarbeit University of Vienna.Fakultt fr Wirtschaftswissenschaftenhttps//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debt_crisishttps//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland_during_the_World_Warshttps//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_United_KingdomPolicy Exchange Homehttp//www.conservapedia.com/Switzerland

Democracy in Government of Republic of Korea

Democracy in Government of Republic of KoreaKorea and the U.S. have been maintaining a friendly relationship since South Korea became fencesitter from Japan. Korea got emancipated from Japan as soon as the unify States dropped the atomic bomb on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, during World War 2 on the 15th of August, 1945. Since then, The U.S. plump for up South Korea with democracy, and the Soviet Union backed up North Korea with communism. They both had tot wholey opposite ideologies about authorities. The U.S. and South Korea headed toward democracy, on the other hand, the Soviet Union and North Korea pointed to communism. Due to the in broodency of the opinions between the U.S. and the Soviet Union, South Korea had to be separated from North Korea by decision of other countries. Going finished the process of electing the chairperson and the members of the National Assembly and framing the constitution, Korean government was put toge thered as a formal country in the world nether the constitution with help of the U.S. on 15th of August in 1948. That is wherefore Korean and the U.S. government mental synthesis have really similar aspects however, as snip goes by, Koreans have changed their government to fit their people better. In this paper, I am going to look into government structure, policy-making issues, and public billets between the U.S. and Korea.The government structure of the U.S. and Korea is basically almost the kindred. They both consist of three branches legislative, executive, and judicial to check and balance. First of all, the legislative branch of South Korea is called the National Assembly of the Republic of Korea. The biggest remainder of the structure is that Korean legislative consists of a single house in the National Assembly which has 299 members, elected for a four year term, 243 members in single-seat constituencies and 56 members by proportional representation. On the other hand, the legislative of the U.S. is divided into twain houses, Senate and the House of Representatives. The reason why Korea has only one House is because South Korea is a small country, having too many people in Congress would actually slow the political process. The organization of the National Assembly is made of the individual members, the verbaliser and two Vice Speakers as a presiding officer, 16 committees, and other supporting administrative organs. Main activities of the congress can be divided into three separate extensively much(prenominal) as legislation, finance, and nation. Congress is able to pass legislation, and the bills go through a very similar process to the U.S. Even the presidential sign language of bills is similar. When the bill is last delivered to the president, the president is able to sign or veto, including pocket veto. The only thing which is different from the U.S. legislative process is the time the president has in order to make a decision regarding a bill. In financial work, they make a budg et on the governments r eventideue and expenditures for the monetary year. They be also empowered to inspect about, audit and impeach public officials according to the legal procedures.Second, the executive branch consists of the President, the Prime Minister, and executive ministers in cabinet. In the U.S. the popular vote plays a role to determine which candidates be going to have the electoral vote of states, and the candidate who gets more(prenominal) electoral vote finally becomes the president. On the other hand, in Korea the president is elected every 4 days only by popular vote. The U.S. and Korean president have the same powers such as the appointment power, the power to convene congress, the power to make treaties, the pardoning power, and so forth. Back in the 1950s, Korea utilize to have the position of a debility president. Before a revolutionary movement for anti-irregularities and anti-government broke out on April 19th, in 1960, the first president of South Ko rea had held the office for 12 years. At that time, there was the vice president who organized a political party which supported the president. He became the vice president by a fraudulent election and helped the president who was involved to be able to keep the position for languish time. Since then, the system got changed by removing a vice president and giving more power to the aboriginal minister. Therefore, the peak minister plays a role as a vice president in Korea and is nominated by the president with the approval of the National Assembly. The prime ministers main role is to assist the president, to succeed the president in an emergency, and to supervise 18 ministries.At last, the judicial branch used to consist of three levels of courts the Supreme Court, the appeals courts, and the district courts. However, the court system was changed recently, so that there is only a federal court. Provinces and local government are not allowed to establish their own prosecution syst em. The biggest difference between the U.S. and Korea is a jury system. Koreas judicial system is generally based on judges verdicts in all case. There is no trial by jury. The Supreme Court consists of thirteen justices and a chief justice. The process of appointing the Supreme justices is the same as the prime minister. They do not hold a lifetime postion, but serve for 6 years. The appeals courts are placed in five locations such as Seoul, Taegu, Pusan, Kwangju, and Taejeon which serve as retional centers. Besides the three-tier court system, the judicial also operates a family court, an administrative court and a patent court.As it was mentioned above, the government structure of the U.S. and Korea does not look very different. However, one thing to k like a shot is that Korean local government does not have as much power as state government has in the U.S. The U.S. states have autonomous government, but Korean local government tightly belongs to exchange government in many par ts which means the power of central government is pretty strong. The federal government of the United States also has strong power according to diplomacy and other policies, but in Korea, the international issues, education, industry, environment, are all under the central government control.Another thing to consider is political parties. There are two political parties Democratic and Republican. These parties are the ones with a realistic chance for winning the general election in the U.S. It is called a two party system. The reason why two parties could persist for a long time is because Democratic and Republican have their own ideology. In other words, they have directly-opposed platforms. Unlike the U.S. political parties, Korean political parties have been changed many time over the history of 63 years. Many political parties were formed and disappeared. For instance, the Democratic Party has been changed 25 times, and the Republican Party has been changed 11 times so far. The rootage of ideological political parties got highlighted in Korean politics since the Democratic Labor Party which has a tendency to the leftwing liberal entered into the political party arena. However, the Korean political parties used to be more apt to be a group for benefits than a group for ideologies before. They used to take their regions more seriously than their ideologies. Now, two parties are opposed to each other the Grand National Party as Republican and the Democratic Party as Democratic, but they are still not as conservative or progressive as the Republican and Democratic in the U.S.Since Korea became an independent coutry in the world, it has been as a democratic country for 63 years. However, in the beginning, civil freedom was not pretected by the government. People had to go through many hardships in order to have the liberties Koreans sleep together now such as freedom of speech, religion, and assembly. For example, in 1980, a landmark event changed Korean law s to pretect citizens against abuse of power from the government and the president. Students and citizens rose up against Chun Doohwans government of military dictatorship. The president who held the real power of government and military declared martial law and sent troops to the city in order to put down the rebellion. They used violence against students and civilians, but all they wanted was a government of the people, by the people, and for the people. During this time, approximately 200 people died and 900 people injured and the incident is referred to as 5.18 Gwangju democratisation Movement to commemorate the date happened.Because of people who tried to secure their rights and liberties, South Korea is now one of the freest coutries in the world meaning that Korean citizens can enjoy a wide range of civil liberties protected by law. According to the website, Freedomhouse, it says how free people in countries have political rights and civil liberties in a certain range from 1 up to 7 1 to 3 is free, 3 to 5 is partly free, and 5 to 7 is not free. Obviously, the United States has the highest bell ringer 1 for both political rights and civil liberties, and South Korea was evaluated one grade lower for civil liberties.The public attitude of Koreans has been changed simultaneously with Korean politics, but, unfortunately, it has been decreasing. Back in the 1990s, 71.2% of people answered that politics is important, but it is decreased by 19% in 2009. In addition, the proportion of people who talk about politics is decreased by almost 30% when they have a conversation with other people. Since procedural democracy was introduced in 1987, peoples expectation about politics was high. As time goes by, more people started regarding things they enjoy now as a natural result. In 1990, 34.2% of people thought of the government positively, but 19 years after, 10.8% of people trust the government and only 1.4% out of 10.8% was very trustworthy. It happens to voting t urnout as well. However, many people still directly or indirectly participate in government even though people do not trust the government and are not interested in the government. For example, there are more people who launch and sign a signature-collecting campaign for political issues because of not only the improvement of freedom of expression, but also add-on of opportunities to participate. Moreover, more people attend legal assemblies than before. As it was mentioned above, voting which is referred to as a formal and direct way people can participate in government is losing the interest from people. In spite of the fact, they find other ways to define their thought and position for political issues.The best example of the public attitude of Koreans about political issues is the large demonstrations against the resumption of beef imports from the United States in 2008. It has been a hot issue whether Korea opens the door to import beef from the U.S. The reason why people got a ngry at the government is because the government did not listen to the public opinions. There were many reasons why people strongly disagreed with the policy that the government decided. First, it would definetely affect the domestic livestock industry. Once they are imported in large quantities, people are going to buy the imported beef more than the domestic beef because the imported beef will be much cheaper. Second, there was a possibility of the mad-cow disease from the imported beef. Because of many facts, it has been postponded by two former presidents. All over the country, countless people went out to join the peaceful street demonstration againtst the governments policy. Some people even brought their children, and people from all age groups were involved in the demonstration.Although the governments response was very different from that of 5.18, many Koreans still feel the government has a long way to go in order to be the democracy people want.In conclusion, Korea has be en a democratic country for 63 years in the world. Many people sacrified their rights, liberties, and sometimes even life in order to create a better government for the next generation. Korean democracy skill not be as stable as the U.S. which has the democratic history of 200 years. People never know if it is going to be better than now or how long it is going to take to get improved. However, Korean people know that their democracy is still going through a process of development. whole caboodle CitedIntroduction The National Assembly of the Republic of Korea. 19 Nov. 2009 http//www.assembly.go.kr/renew09/main.jsp.Introduction of Supreme Court Supreme Court of Korea. 19 Nov. 2009 http//www.scourt.go.kr/main/Main.work.Federal government of the United States Wikipedia The Free Encyclopedia. 19 Nov. 2009 http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Government.Gwangju Democratization Movement Wikipedia The Free Encyclopedia. 27 Nov. 2009 http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwangju_Democratization_Movemen t.Korean political culture emailprotected 15 Nov. 2009 http//www.kapa21.or.kr/kapaforum2/kapaforum.php?fid=58.Map of Freedom in the World Freedomhouse. 10 Nov. 2009 http//www.freedomhouse.org/template.cfm?page=363year=2009.4.19 Revolution 15 Nov. 2009 http//sigma101.nazip.net/menu_1_data/4_19.htm.Introduction of Democratic Party Democratic Party. 28 Nov. 2009 http//www.minjoo.kr/.Introduction of Repulican Party The Grand National Party. 28 Nov. 2009 http//www.hannara.or.kr/ohannara/index.jsp.

China’s Economic Expansion: Implications for U.S. Trade and Hegemonic Stability

chinas economic Expansion Implications for U.S. mint and Hegemonic StabilityA Changing Global Landscapemainland china is truly rapidly approaching economic parity with the get together States, which may lead to significant global shifts in index. Hegemonic stability theory suggests that an international system is to a greater extent likely to remain st adequate to(p) if a single player is a dominant world power, thusly the global equilibrium tends toward a hegemonic state.1 The unify States emerged as the global hegemon after World War II, specifically in terms of economic power, and has largely provided stability for the global economic system since that time. time the U.S. has been able to maintain this position throughout just about of the 20th Century, chinaware is rapidly rising as an influential economic player and could potentially displace the United States as the global economic leader. Chinas ambitious economic expansion projects, including the saucily Silk c hannel initiative and Made in China 2025, support the potential to shift the nexus of economic power from the United States and the western hemisphere toward a Europe-China-centric scenario. Additionally, the rise of populist-nationalist political rhetoric within the United States could portend a policy shift toward economic protectionism, which would further accelerate the demise of the U.S. economic hegemon and the rise of China as its successor. It would be in the best interest of the United States to engage with China in a accommodating and mutually beneficial way, perhaps even as a partner in Chinas economic using initiatives, in ordination to preserve American economic prosperity.Chinas Economy An Historic OverviewInsight into Chinas sophisticated strategy for economic expansion is only possible within the context of Chinas past. by dint ofout most of Chinas history, the Chinese saving was b atomic number 18ly able to meet the basic needs of the countrys huge population , including its basic nutritional needs.2 Drought, war and social unrest often conduct to periods of famine and mass starvation before 1949, when the Chinese Communist political party came to power.3 After this transition, food storage became centrally controlled by the disposal. This method al scurvyed the country to successfully avert famine, and food labor grew rapidly after 1949. This increase in productivity was largely matched by population appendage until the one-child policy was instituted in the 1980s, thus the increase production capability was not able to outpace essential consumption needs, and very little surplus was produced.4The long-term goal of the Communist party was to transform China into a fresh, industrialized nation with improved living standards and minimal economic disparity (i.e. a classless society), and to modernize military equipment. The organisation leadership signly adopted the Soviet economic model, which focused on achieving a high rate of economic growth that emphasized industrial ontogenesis at the expense of agricultural reading. Through this process, a solid foundation was pass waterd in iron and steel manufacturing, coal mining, cement making and other modern industrial technologies. Although the government also endeavored to facilitate the mobilization of agricultural resources by encouraging farmers to organize into increasingly large and socialized collective units, the results were not as dramatic as the level of growth within the industrial sectors.5In response to the tepid growth in the agricultural sector, in 1957 the Chinese government largely shifted authority for economic decision making to the provincial, county, and local level. During this time, the Chinese leadership abandoned the Soviet model and instead adopted an approach that relied on spontaneous efforts by the entire population to induce a great leap within all economic sectors at once, which helped to stimulate agricultural growth. The ini tial problem with this approach was the lack of sufficient capital to invest in both industrial development and agriculture simultaneously. To overcome this problem, the leadership attempted to create capital within the agricultural sector by building vast irrigation systems, employing huge teams of underemployed farmers.6Despite these advances, the Cultural Revolution of the 1960s under monoamine oxidase Zedong severely stifled technological innovation within China.7 This was largely a political phenomenon, where the Communist Party attempted to consolidate power by dismission any hint of budding capitalist ideas, Chinese traditionalists, and intellectuals. However, it had a pronounced motion on the growing Chinese economy. Factory managers were largely replaced with Communist Party operatives who had very little knowledge of management or of the enterprise they were supposed to run. Engineers, scientists, and other professional personnel were sent to the countryside as laborers, or were jailed as dissidents. Additionally, the Cultural Revolution forced the closing of Universities, which severely hindered Chinas ability to develop new(a) technology. This termination of key knowledge resulted in a 14% decline in industrial production by 1967.8In the late 1970s, after the death of Mao, the Chinese government reaffirmed the modernization program espoused earlier to the Cultural Revolution.9 The Chinese leaders determined that the centrally plotted economy had failed to produce sufficient economic growth, and had caused China to fall behind the industrialized powers of the West and the newly industrialized Asian nations. While the Communist leadership did not want to completely abandon the centrally planned economy idea, it strived to make it rifle better by increasing the role of market mechanisms and by reducing the level of centralized government control. For industry, this included increased autonomy and the ability of managers to agree profits instead of remitting everything earned to the state. While some key industries were still centrally controlled, individual enterprise was allowed (to an extent) as a means to incentivize economic growth and to reduce unemployment.10In recent history, China has been less of an innovator and more of an imitator of inappropriate technology and innovations. Chinas modern industrial development paradigm lags behind that of the developed world. While the Chinese government has policy initiatives to encourage inbred research and development and technology transfer from outside economies, shortcomings from the pre-reform, planned economy era have constrained Chinas ability to efficiently innovate. Chinas Modern Innovation StrategyIn order for any economy to innovate and grow, individual firms must focus on a combination of internal research and development efforts and extraneous technology acquisition. In this context, the definition of technology is expanded from the vernacular to include proce sses and ideas that enhance a firm or organizations ability to compete.11 Establishing a strategy that combines these efforts most efficiently is necessary to maximize overall economic development.12 In modern microeconomic theory, internal research and development and external technology acquisition atomic number 18 considered to be complimentary innovation strategies. Economic activities are complimentary if the adoption of one does not preclude the other, and if the sum benefit of implementing both activities concurrently is great than the benefit of implementing just one or the other.13 Assuming the complementarity of internal research and development and external technology acquisition, authors Fu, Pietrobelli and Soete argue that the absorptive capacity of any sensitive or medium firm within a developing economy is the limiting factor to successfully executing technology transfer.14 The authors define absorptive capacity as a firms ability to recognize the value of new info rmation, assimilate it, and apply it to commercial ends.15In another study, Authors Hou and Mohnen16 tested the complementarity of internal research and development and external technology transfer in Chinese firms and found that the two technology acquisition strategies are indeed complimentary, but that external technology acquisition yielded higher returns than internal research and development for small and medium firms. Additionally, the authors found that state-ownership of firms correlated with both product and process innovation, presumably because of increased access to financial and policy support from the central government. This relationship would likely increase the absorptive capacity of the firm. This suggests that small and medium firms with no government contact may be at a disadvantage due to a reduced absorptive capacity, and may be incentivized to work closely with the central Chinese government in order to acquire the necessary resources to compete within the C hinese and global marketplace.17 Thus, while Chinas modern economic development strategy is ostensibly about supporting the expansion of small, private firms, state-connections are highly incentivized by the market.The reinvigorated Silk channelChinas New Silk Road initiative is a logical extension of Chinas economic expansion and modernization efforts. This initiative is an allusion to its namesake backup web stretching from China to primal Asia and the Middle East, which was established over 2,000 years ago.18 In 2013, China proposed establishing a modern analog to the ancient Silk Road however, instead of transporting silk and spices, this would build a network of railways, pipelines and utility grids to link China to the Middle East and Eastern Europe via Central Asia.19 Also known as the single Belt One Road Initiative (OBOR), this massive infrastructure project aims to create the worlds largest network for economic cooperation. This development would make it much more ef ficient for China to trade with 65 countries, representing 60 percent of the global population.20 China markets the initiative as a net win for all parties involved, and host governments see the New Silk Road as an opportunity for job creation, economic development, and participation in the global deliver chain.21 The New Silk Road initiative would allow China to more efficiently project soft power within Asia, Africa and Europe, which could have significant trade and national security implications for the United States.Chinese firms have increased their foreign investment within partner countries in order to pave the way for the New Silk Road. According to the Economist, several economic research organizations predict that the total Chinese investment abroad could rise to $2 trillion USD by 2020.22 For comparison, this figure was less than $800 billion USD at the end of 2014.23 As stated previously, Chinese firms are strongly incentivized to maintain connections with Chinese state -owned entities (or to be state-owned entities themselves), thus it stands to reason that much of the value earned through this investment will directly benefit the Chinese government. The Chinese regimes entanglement within the region will likely introduce significant hurdles to U.S. activities, and may diminish U.S. entrance in Central Asia, the Middle East, and possibly Europe. It is worth noting that Beijing established $100 billion USD Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIID), a multinational financing body, to support New Silk Road investments. 24 The AIID currently has 57 members, including Germany, the United Kingdom, France and Russia.25 Notably absent is the United States.Made in China 2025Not only is China expanding its economic reach and soft power influence within Eurasia via the New Silk Road, but it is also working to shift its overall production upmarket from low level manufacturing to advanced technology development.26 Made in China 2025 is an effort to complet ely upgrade Chinese industry. The Chinese government has outlined clear principles establishing the goals of the initiative, including a desire to comprehensively upgrade Chinese industry by making it more efficient so that it can participate in the highest-level global production chains. It also strives to create more innovation-driven manufacturing that emphasizes quality over quantity, environmentally sustainable development, and human capital management.27 While these are worthy goals for any country, Chinas upmarket shift from manufacturing large quantities of sixpenny, low-quality goods to high-tech, high-quality products could disrupt the global market for high-tech goods because of Chinas large production capacity. In the same way that inexpensive Chinese manufacturing has shifted labor from the United States to China, an upmarket shift in Chinas manufacturing may have the same effect on highly complete workers within the United States.Implications for the United StatesIn order to mitigate the global effects of Chinas economic expansion that may be damaging to the U.S. strategic position, it is imperative for the United States to engage with China in a cooperative and mutually beneficial way. President Donald Trump has been a vocal connoisseur of trade deals, and has been especially harsh on Beijing, effectively blaming low Chinese labor costs for the perceived lack of American jobs.28 According to the United States throw Representative, two-way trade with China was $598 billion USD in 2015, thus making China the United States largest trading partner.29 If the anti-Chinese rhetoric manifests as higher tariffs on Chinese imports, China may focus its trade efforts away from the United States and toward its New Silk Road partners, thus significantly reducing U.S. international trade.30The impact of arresting trade with China on U.S. gross domestic product (GDP) is difficult to ascertain due to competing variables, but it is likely to have a net negat ive effect. While tariffs would increase the net exports variable used in calculating GDP (the U.S. is a net importer from China), they may adversely affect other factors that contribute to GDP. For example, Chinese goods are less expensive to produce than U.S. and most European goods. Thus, if the United States diverts its import activities from China to Europe or increases domestic production, these goods will likely be more expensive than the Chinese alternatives, thus reducing overall domestic consumption within the United States. This new equilibrium would also affect the supply of domestic goods as adopt decreases, thus also reducing U.S. investment in domestic production (and a subsequent reduction in demand for labor). Overall, this may lead to a net decrease in the U.S. GDP and a reduction in available jobs within the United States. This American jobs loss would be exacerbated further as China shifts its manufacturing capabilities upmarket via the Made in China 2025 initia tive, which may induce the offshoring highly experienced U.S. jobs in addition to skilled labor. Not only would tariffs further incentivize China to focus its trade efforts on its New Silk Road partners, but they may evoke the second order effect of encouraging Europe to look to China for economic leadership. This could occur if China responds to U.S. tariffs by accelerating its economic expansion into Eastern Europe. This would likely reduce U.S. economic influence in Europe, and thus limit the U.S. ability to project soft power within the region. This would further shift the hegemon toward China as the global economic leader.In conclusion, Chinese economic expansion activities, including the New Silk Road Initiative and Made in China 2025, could lead to a global hegemonic shift. This is especially true as China expands its influence toward Europe. As the United States global influence wanes, Europe and U.S. allies within Central Asia may turn to China as the new hegemon a new gl obal economic leader. Global power structures are dynamic, and it is unlikely that the future global power landscape will encompass a unipolar U.S. hegemon as it has in the past. However, a multipolar hegemon including both the United States and China is surely possible. It would benefit the United States to engage China in a cooperative and mutually beneficial way by preserving economically liberal trade arrangements. Additionally, the U.S should strive to maintain its position as a major soft power player in Asia and Europe and work diligently to maintain its trade relationships within Europe and Central Asia, possibly through partnering with China on the New Silk Road. This is of great strategic importance not only for the U.S. national security, but also for continued American economic prosperity.BibliographyBuck, John. Chinas Farm Economy. (University of gelt Press, 1930).Carbaugh, Robert. Contemporary Economics An Applications Approach. (Cengage Learning, 2006).Christensen, C layton M. The Innovators Dilemma When New Technologies Cause Great Firms to Fail (Management of Innovation and Change). Harvard Business criticism Press. January 5, 2016.Cohen, Tyler. Seeing China Through its Economic History. Bloomberg (July 25, 2016), Accessed 4 April 2017. https//www.bloomberg.com/view/articles/2016-07-25/seeing-china-through-its-economic-historyCohen, Wesley M. and Levinthal, Daniel A., Absorptive capacity A new position on learning and innovation, Administrative Science Quarterly 35, no 1 (1990)128-152.Elisseeff, Vadime. The Silk Roads Highways of Culture and Commerce. Berghahn Books, 2000.Fu, Xiaolan, et al., The Role of Foreign applied science and Indigenous Innovation in the Emerging Economies Technological Change and Catching-up, World Development 39, no 7 (July 2011) 1204-1212.Gramer, Robbie. All aboard Chinas New Silk Road Express. Foreign Policy. 4 January 2017.Guluzian, Christine R. Making Inroads Chinas New Silk Road Initiative. Cato Journal, Vol. 3 7, No. 1 (Winter 2017).Heilmann, Sebastian. Chinas Technology Grab. The International Economy. Spring 2016.Hou, Jun and Mohnen, Pierre, Complementarity between in-house R&D and technology purchasing evidence from Chinese manufacturing firms, United Nations University Working Paper, (August 2011).Jinchen, Tian. One Belt and One Road Connecting China and the World. McKinsey&Company uppercase Projects and Infrastructure. July 2016.Made in China 2025. halfway for Strategic and International Studies. Accessed 31 March 2017. http//www.csis.org/ analysis/made-in-china-2025.Miller, Berkshire, J. Dissecting Trumps Hardline Rhetoric on China. China U.S. Focus. Accessed 4 April 2017. http//www.chinausfocus.com/foreign-policy/dissecting-trumps-hardline-rhetoric-on-china.Morrison, Wayne M. Chinas Economic Rise History, Trends, Challenges and Implications for the United States. Congressional Research do Report. (October 21, 2015).Oatley, Thomas. International Political Economy, 5th Edition. Ne w York Routledge, 2016.Office of the United States Trade Representative. The Peoples Republic of China. Accessed 4 April 2017. https//ustr.gov/countries-regions/china-mongolia-taiwan/peoples-republic-china.Slate, Robert. Competing with Intelligence New Directions in Chinas Quest for Intangible lieu and Implications for Homeland Security, Homeland Security Affairs 5, no 1 (January 2009)1-27.The New Silk Road. The Economist Special Report. September 2015.Worde, Robert, et al., ed, China A Country Study (Federal Research Division, U.S. Library of Congress, 1987).1 Thomas Oatley. International Political Economy, 5th Edition. New York Routledge, 2016.2 John Buck. Chinas Farm Economy. (University of dough Press, 1930).3 Robert Worde, et al., ed, China A Country Study (Federal Research Division, U.S. Library of Congress, 1987), 207.4 Ibid, 207.5 Ibid, 215.6 Ibid, 216.7 Tyler Cohen. Seeing China Through its Economic History. Bloomberg (July 25, 2016), Accessed 4 April 2017. https//www.blo omberg.com/view/articles/2016-07-25/seeing-china-through-its-economic-history8 Ibid, 220.9 Wayne M. Morrison. Chinas Economic Rise History, Trends, Challenges and Implications for the United States. Congressional Research Service Report. (October 21, 2015).10 Ibid, 223.11 Clayton M. Christensen. The Innovators Dilemma When New Technologies Cause Great Firms to Fail (Management of Innovation and Change). Harvard Business Review Press. January 5, 2016.12 Jun Hou and Pierre Mohnen, Complementarity between in-house R&D and technology purchasing evidence from Chinese manufacturing firms, United Nations University Working Paper, (August 2011) 1-23.13 Robert Carbaugh. Contemporary Economics An Applications Approach. (Cengage Learning, 2006), 35.14 Xiaolan Fu, Carlo Pietrobelli, Luc Soete, The Role of Foreign Technology and Indigenous Innovation in the Emerging Economies Technological Change and Catching-up, World Development 39, no 7 (July 2011) 1204-1212.15 Wesley M. Cohen and Daniel A. L evinthal, Absorptive capacity A new perspective on learning and innovation, Administrative Science Quarterly 35, no 1 (1990)128-152.16 Hou and Mohnen.17 Robert Slate, Competing with Intelligence New Directions in Chinas Quest for Intangible Property and Implications for Homeland Security, Homeland Security Affairs 5, no 1 (January 2009)1-27.18 Vadime Elisseeff. The Silk Roads Highways of Culture and Commerce. Berghahn Books, 2000.19 Tian Jinchen, One Belt and One Road Connecting China and the World. McKinsey&Company Capital Projects and Infrastructure. July 2016.20 Robbie Gramer. All aboard Chinas New Silk Road Express. Foreign Policy. 4 January 2017.21 Christine R. Guluzian. Making Inroads Chinas New Silk Road Initiative. Cato Journal, Vol. 37, No. 1 (Winter 2017).22 The New Silk Road. The Economist Special Report. September 2015.23 Ibid.24 Guluzian, Cato Journal.25 Ibid.26 Sebastian Heilmann. Chinas Technology Grab. The International Economy. Spring 2016.27 Made in China 2025. Cen ter for Strategic and International Studies. Accessed 31 March 2017. http//www.csis.org/analysis/made-in-china-202528 J. Berkshire Miller. Dissecting Trumps Hardline Rhetoric on China. China U.S. Focus. Accessed 4 April 2017. http//www.chinausfocus.com/foreign-policy/dissecting-trumps-hardline-rhetoric-on-china29 Office of the United States Trade Representative. The Peoples Republic of China. Accessed 4 April 2017. https//ustr.gov/countries-regions/china-mongolia-taiwan/peoples-republic-china30 Gramer, Foreign Policy.

The Virgin Birth of Jesus Essays -- essays research papers

The Virgin Birth of JesusOld Testament Fulfilled PropheciesThe Virgin birth of rescuer is an actual Historical fact. God came (in the sinless form of Jesus) into the earth "HE" created. No other event in the past has had so much carry on out side of Calvary where saviour paid the price for our transgressions. Seven hundred years earlier, this was prophesied by the prophet Isaiah and it came about just as predicated in (Matthew 122, 23)In Isaiah 714, we take notice what the prophet Isaiah said about this male child or "Son". He prophesied that Jesus Christ would be born of a "Virgin." The word says "Therefore the Lord Himself shall give you a sign Behold, a virgin shall conceive, and bear a son, and call his yell Immanuel. The prophet Isaiah prophesied that this male child WOULD BE INCARNATE.(Isaiah 96) "For unto us a child is born unto us a son is given and the government shall be upon his shoulder and his name shall be called Wonderful, Counselor , THE MIGHTY GOD, THE EVERLASTING FATHER, the prince of peace.THE GOSPEL INTRODUCTION OF JESUSI read about Jesus in the four evangel of the New Testament. In their narratives of his birth, Matthew and Luke call him the virgin-born Savior, the Lord Christ Jesus, the Holy One, the So of the Most High, the Son of God, and Immanuel, which means "God with us." Mark does not give us an account of Christs birth, but he dows introduce him as Jesus Christ, the son of God.John, like...

The Turbulen Sixties Essay -- essays research papers

The Turbulent SixtiesThroughout American biography, each times has sought toindividualize itself from all others preceding it. Decades of Americanhistory can be separated to represent a distinctive set of values, culture,and political ideals. The 1960s was a decade caught between euphoric,idealistic beginnings and a discordant, barbaric climax. The harmony of thistime period produced a strong counterculture which sought to influenceAmerica in a way never before experienced. The songs were the backbone ofthis new eon they were the tunes which the generation danced to, marchedto, and got high off of. This paper will discuss the ways popular music ofthe 1960s produced national a contendeness of the anti-war movements, led tothe partialcollapse of the structure of American society, and everlastinglychanged the way current generations listen to and buy music.The songwriters of the 1960s were rarely without inspiration.Perhaps the virtually powerful incentive came from the movemen t to end theVietnam War. Many of the most prominent musicians of that generation aidedthe struggle to protest against and attempt to end the war. The mostpopular song to be considered an anthem against the war efforts was called"Blowin in the Wind," written by cork Dylan in 1962 while he was living inNew York. The song is centered around racism and militarism, two mainfocal points which were principal in many early sixties protest songs(Pichaske 58). Dylan used conventional symbols to blatantly state hispoint a white dove representing peace, flying cannon balls describing warand violence, and roads and seas symbolizing the hardships and strugglesthere would have to be with eliminating the war.Demonstrations against the Vietnam War took place in many majorcities and college campuses. While many of these demonstrations had onlypeaceful motives, violent methods were often used to break them up. Takefor example the famous student takeover of Columbia University. Blackstudents a rguing for civil rights, and white students protesting againstthe Vietnam war successfully took over Hamilton Hall, the Low Library andthe Deans office, as well as three other buildings. The Grateful Deadwere smuggled onto campus and played several long sets of music whilestudents began to set up communal living, with food generously donated byoutside supporters and Harlems CORE (Co... ... labels began methodically recruiting performers andsigning them to contracts. The music was becoming less orient to freeform and more constricted so as to present them on FM radio. Advertisingbecame increasingly directed towards the hippies. Pepsi Cola began airingcommercials that consisted of an eerie psychedelic renderings of urbannightlife, with the Pepsi theme sounding more like a Byrds song than acommercial jingle (Frank 178). Many musicians began fighting a wizard ofdeep disillusion as the sixties winded down. Perhaps Dylan, the man whospoke so poignantly about the generation understood it best, he knew thatthe most prominent threat to musicians of the sixties was their image, itleads to the generalization of their art and destroys it (Pichaske 177).In conclusion, the sixties were a turbulent time characterized withboth optimism and despair. The music that this generation spawned haslasted as a remnant of the idealistic and hopful nature of the times. Inmany cases, the songs are interrelated with certain events. In otherinstances, music was used as a catalyst to ignite a chain of events.Whatever the case may be, music was revolutionized during the1960s.